"The Use of Force", Summary and Analysis. BBS II, Business Communication, Vision, (TU)
Follow the given link:
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1-eTuUKzV2T8pJZGkmLEou9pfmvS5dOEG/view?usp=sharing
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Celebrating Holi Festival at home in Butwal.
Celebrating festivals is a part of preserving culture. It makes us strong and helps to transfer the culture and tradition to the generation. I celebrated the festivel with my kids and wife at home in Butwal, Nepal.
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Working at school with colleagues
We conduct differnt programs and activities at school. I involved with other colleagues to such extra curricular activities at my work place.
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Visiting new places for research and entertainment
Visiting different places makes refreshed. I like to visit different places to get entertainment in my ledgure time. It helps to develop internal tourise.
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Taking part at General Election 2017.
It is my responsibility to fulfil the task assigned by Nepal government and related authority. I involved in the election of the parliament of Nepal.
"Professions for Women" BBS II, Business Communicaiton, Visions,
"Professions for Women" by Virginia Woolf, Summary and analysis.
BBS II, Business Communication, Visions.
Summary and
Analysis:
Virginia Woolf’s speech
“Professions for Women” is a speech intended for The Women’s Service League in
1931. Having Virginia Woolf as the speaker and writer of the piece already says
a lot about the content, not to mention the title of the speech itself. She was
supposed to talk about her professional experiences as a novelist. Professional
women at the time of the speech were clearly few in number, and most women were
still under an extreme patriarchal society.
Analysis of Professions for Women
Instead of the typical
speech about a professional life, Woolf preferred to speak about a personal
dilemma of being a professional woman instead. In her speech, she discusses two difficulties in her life as a writer. The first
one is the trouble of a recurring fictitious character of the Angel in the
House. She describes the character to be “intensely sympathetic. She was
immensely charming. She was utterly unselfish. She excelled in the difficult
arts of family life. She sacrificed herself daily”.
Clear in her
descriptions, she is not fond of the Angel in the House which is why she keeps
on terminating her. The angel would always lurk (hidden) behind her every time
she writes. She keeps on reminding her that Woolf is a young woman writing
reviews about works of men, so she ought to be tender (kind),
gentle, and always flattering in her words. The Angel in the House apparently
symbolizes the recurring problems of being a woman. As
a woman, domestic obligation is still attached to them no matter how many
feminist movements are formed.
The next predicament
(difficult) that Woolf mentions in her speech is her problem with her body. The
obstacles against her are still immensely powerful—and yet they are very
difficult to define”.
In this section of her speech, she is
referring to the sexual aspect of being a woman and how it could impede
(hinder/ hamper) the minds of women writers. Apparently, Woolf has become more
detailed and literal in her reference to women’s struggles.
It is noticeable that
Woolf did not intend to deliver a typical speech about how she became a
professional writer as a woman. Instead, she resorted to revealing personal
struggles that characterize a woman’s encounters despite the fact that she is
already a professional. She stressed the fact that being a professional woman
writer is completely different from a being a professional man in any field.
She wished to inculcate this idea to the women in The Women’s Service League
not to discourage them but to help them face the continuous battle of the sexes
in terms of professions.
Evidently, Woolf has
become too personal in her speech to The Women’s Service League. She did not
give a speech of encouragement to the audience but preferred opening their eyes
to the reality of being a woman. Like the Angel in the House, she intended to
reveal to the audience that trying to become a professional in a certain field
requires great strength to endure the demands of domesticity.
BBS II, Business Communication, Chapter 4: "ELECTRONIC AND OTHER MESSAGES"
TU, BBS II, Business Communication, (New Course) Chapter 4: "ELECTRONIC AND OTHER MESSAGES"
This material is based on the BBS II, Business Communication (Based on the Curriculum of Tribhuvan University). It is useful to the students of the BBS II year and all the people who show interst on Letter writing, Memo, Email, and Blog with some samples.
"The Rights of Animals" by Brigid Brophy Summary and Analysis.
The essay "The Rights of Animals" by Brigid Brophy Summary and Analysis based on the curriculum of BBS II, Business Communication.
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1PmoMzi_Z86ozvYzv-RFsZxlii72MIYhl/view?usp=sharing
Unit 3, "Skills and Values of Business Communication" Business Communication, BBS II, TU.
Business Communication, BBS II, TU., Unit 3, "Skills and Values of Business Communication" based on the Curriculum of BBS II, Business Communication.
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1LB7uBtKA9N0w10HkhMzP97LJHzEtXN0_/view?usp=sharing
"On Warts" BBS II, Business Communication, Vision.
"On Warts" by -Lewis Thomas (1913-1993): Summary and Analysis based on BBS II, Business Communication, Vision for the students of BBS II, Trubhuvan University.
https://drive.google.com/file/d/14C-MIOB6hbUuagXwOaHn1fW3Go3mKorg/view?usp=sharing
"Root Cellar" Unit-3, Vision, BBS II, Business Communication
Root Cellar by Theodore Roethke (1908-1963): Summary and Analysis based on BBS II, Business Communication, Vision.
https://drive.google.com/file/d/13N8wIAq0IKJHNfxNP8JPyhap_WKkQtzj/view?usp=sharing
"Religion and Science" by Alfred North Whitehead, BBS II, Business Communication
Summary and Analysis of the essay "Religion and Science" by Alfred North Whitehead, BBS II, Business Communication.
https://drive.google.com/file/d/12VyaAVscAkD3s74gBPiBUnqFCLfXUvZC/view?usp=sharing
"The New Physics" by Fritjof Capra BBS II, Business Communication.
Summary and Analysis of the essay "The New Physics" by Fritjof Capra BBS II, Business Communication.
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1ij0OTsnjontI7c55nLUibGwjzT34XaQU/view?usp=sharing
"Eveline" by James Joyce, BBS II, Business Communication.
Summary and Analysis of the story "Eveline" by James Joyce.
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1k3ky4-imisjQImBHU-7zHnAbNHwIa620/view?usp=sharing
"The Ideal of Craftsmanship" by C. Wright Mills BBS II, Business Communication.
The Ideal of Craftsmanship by C. Wright Mills
Summary and Analysis.
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1D0Cn0NSqENEavb3jb34KHlTa-kCHjuhJ/view?usp=sharing
"The Company Man" BBS II, Business Communicaiton.
The Company Man by Ellen Goodman, BBS II, Business Communication.
To get the summary of the text "The Company Man," please click here.
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1v1jYCVnvfqDlSNt8fvz_RW5_wcSlZcVQ/view?usp=sharing
Light My Lucky, Summary and Analysis, BBS II: Business Communication
Light My Lucky by R. Schelos, N. R. Comley & G. L. Ulmer Summary and Analysis.
Please find the summary and analysis of the of Essay "Light My Lucky".
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1729kYRrUA9uXbOH2eVB30WzJrrW6C_gM/view?usp=sharing
Advertise Your Business, BBS II, Business Communicaitron "UNIT 2"
" Advertise Your Business" BBS II, Business Communication, Summary and Analysis.
Please find the summary here:
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1kaRD5rziB1XP4bAnmxvHyK7goauzwGBF/view?usp=sharing
"The Unknown Citizes", Question answers. BBS II, Business Communicaiton "Visions".
Dear students,
Find the question answer of the poem "The Unknown Citizen by W. H. Auden.
Explain
the following statements with reference to their context.
1) He
was found by the Bureau of Statistics to be.
One
against whom there was no official complaint.
Ans: According to the
Bureau of Statistics, the unknown citizen was a model worker who served the
greater community well. The poem begins by describing a person referred to as,
simply, "He." We take this to be "The Unknown Citizen,"
which makes sense, because his name isn’t known. For simplicity’s sake, we’re
going to refer to him as "The UC." The Bureau of
Statistics has found that "no official complaint" has been made
against our guy, the UC. Now, this is a strange way to start a poem of
celebration. It’s a total backhanded compliment. It’s like if you asked someone
what they thought of your new haircut, and they replied, "Well, it’s not
hideous." Um, thanks…? But here’s a question: what on earth is the Bureau
of Statistics, and why is it investigating the UC? There isn’t any Bureau of
Statistics in any country that we know of, but most "bureaus," or
government offices, deal with statistics every day. The Bureau of Statistics
seems to be a parody of such "bureaucracies," which are large,
complicated organizations that produce a lot of red tape and official
paperwork. If the Bureau of Statistics has information about the UC, then it
probably has information about everyone, because, in a certain sense, the
UC represents everyone. He’s the average Joe. The fact that there was
no "official" complaint against the UC doesn’t tell us much. Were
there "unofficial" complaints? We don’t know, and from the poem’s
perspective, it doesn’t seem to matter. Auden subtly pushes back on the anonymity
of the UC in one interesting way, however. The first word of the second line is
"One," which produces a minor joke if you stop reading there: The UC
was found to be…One, as in he was found to be a single person: an individual.
This is funny, because an individual is exactly what the idea of an
"Unknown Citizen" is not.
2)
That, in the modern sense of an old-fashioned word, he was a saint,
Ans: Get out your highlighters and reading glasses:
we’re still poring through the paperwork of the lovable Bureau of Statistics.
Now we have in front of us the "reports on his conduct." Let’s see:
ah, yes, it appears the man was a saint. But not a saint like St. Francis or
Mother Teresa: those are "old-fashioned" saints, who performed
miracles and helped feed the hungry and clothe the poor. No, the UC is a
"modern" saint, which means that he always served the "Greater
Community." This community could include the poor and the hungry, but
somehow we think that’s not what the speaker has in mind. And the words
"Greater Community" are capitalized as if it were a proper name,
though it’s not. As in the first two lines, these lines raise more questions
than they answer. Who issued these "reports"? His friends? Lovers?
Co-workers? Some guy in an office somewhere? We don’t have an answer.
3) That
he was popular with his mates and liked a drink,
Ans: Now the poem shifts from his employment to
his social life. But, don’t worry: there are still comically absurd bureaucrats
to provide us with unnecessary information. Stop the presses! Headline:
"Average Joe Enjoys Drinking With Pals." Even in his carousing with
friends, though, the UC takes things in moderation. He likes "a
drink," and the singular form implies that he doesn’t drink too much and
isn’t an alcoholic. At the time when Auden wrote the poem, "Social Psychology"
was still a relatively new field. Social psychologists study the behavior of
humans in groups. This sounds good in concept, but in practice, a lot of the
early work done in this field simply pointed out things that were so obvious
they didn’t need to be pointed out. (Don’t worry, psychology majors, the field
has gotten quite a bit more complicated since then.) It’s like when you read
about some scientific study that says that unhappy people are more likely to
drink a lot, and you wonder why on earth they needed a study to support such an
obvious conclusion. Nonetheless, we have to think that the UC might have been
flattered to be getting so much attention from all these intellectual types.
That is, if he were still alive.
4) The
Press are convinced that he bought a paper every day.
Ans: This is starting to sound like an infomercial you
might see for some exercise machine on cable at 3 a.m. There are testimonials
galore. Now "The Press," or news media, offers its take. Of course,
they don’t really care about the UC as a person; they’re just glad he seems to
have bought a paper every day. Or, rather, they are "convinced" that
he did. We’d like to know what convinced them. Not only that, but he also had
"normal" reactions to the advertisements in a paper. ("Hey! An
inflatable kayak! I sure could use one of those…") In short, he’s a
good American consumer.
5)
Policies taken out in his name prove that he was fully insured.
Ans: We’re starting to suspect that the government must
have an entire room full of paperwork on this guy. Now we are rifling through
his health insurance policy, looking for any evidence that he wasn’t a totally
straightedge, middle-of-the-road personality. He was "fully insured,"
which is sensible. This guy wasn’t exactly a risk-taker. Even though he had
insurance, he only went to the hospital once, which means he wasn’t too much of
a burden on the health system. He left the hospital "cured".
6) That
he held the proper opinions for the time of year;
When
there was peace, he was for peace; when there was war, he went.
Ans: The "researchers into Public Opinion" are
like the people nowadays who call your house during dinnertime to ask you who
you’re voting for and whether your jeans are stone-washed or boot-cut. The UC
didn’t have any weird or "improper" opinions. He was a conformist,
which means that he believed what the people around him seemed to believe. He
was like a weather vane, going whichever way the wind blew. Indeed, the UC’s
beliefs were partly determined by the seasons or "time of year." Line
24 is also pretty funny. We imagine a pause for comic suspense after word
"war." "When there was peace, he was for peace: when there was
war…(pause)…he went." The line leads us to expect that it will end
"he was for war," but we actually get something much more hesitant.
Because, really, who could be "for war"?
7) Was
he free? Was he happy? The question is absurd:
Had
anything been wrong, we should certainly have heard.
Ans: The poem ends on a final, rhyming couplet that
takes a big detour from the conventional topics that have occupied the speaker
so far. Now he asks two questions – "Was he free? Was he happy?" –
that really do seem interesting. These questions are not interesting to the
speaker, though, who calls it "absurd." It’s interesting that these
two questions are referred to in the singular, as "the question," as
if being free and being happy were the same thing. In the final line, the
speaker explains why the question is absurd: if things had been going badly for
the UC, the State ("we") would have known about it, seeing as they
know everything. The speaker’s confidence in this line – "we certainly
should have" – is downright chilling. But, of course, the big joke here is
that the speaker defines happiness in the negative, as things not going wrong,
instead of as things going right. From the perspective of the State, it is much
more important that people are not desperately unhappy – so they don’t rock the
boat and stop buying things – than it is that they experience personal
fulfillment.
Answer
the following questions in 300 words.
1) What
does the poet want to convey about the modern society through the poem?
Ans: The poet is sending out a warning in many ways. The
anonymous nature of the unknown citizen is a comment on governments encouraging
communalism versus freedom through the poem “The Unknown Citizen,” Auden
wants to convey the idea that modern society is overly regimented and
controlled by the state. As a result, people have become dehumanized, treated
as nothing more than cogs in a gigantic machine. The poem critiques the
way modern society instrumentalists’ human beings. To instrumentalist a person
is to use them merely to extract as much value or profit from them as possible.
It is considered unethical, for instance, to have a second child so that that
child's bone marrow can be extracted to treat an illness in the first child. A
person should not be birthed simply to be used. In this poem, however, the
state finds in the unknown citizen the model citizen because he is utterly
instrumental. He completely conforms and does everything he is supposed to do,
without deviation. He comes to work regularly and without complaint, so society
is able to extract maximum value from his labor. He also does exactly what he
is supposed to do with his leisure time: he was "popular with his mates
and liked a drink." In other words, he doesn't do anything to create
headaches or require the state to expend extra resources "fixing"
him. In fact, by drinking, he drowns any disquiet he might feel. He also does
his part in having a family to provide more instruments for the state to use:
in fact, he has five children. Finally, not only does he work efficiently, he
also consumes, keeping the machinery of capitalism profitable. His lack of a
name symbolizes that he is valuable to the state only for what he does for it,
not for himself as a unique being. Auden ends the poem by asking the more
abstract question of whether such an individual is free or happy and having the
state dismiss such musings as "absurd." Auden wants to convey that it
is dehumanizing for people to be treated as if they are little more than
machines to be programmed and worked until they wear out.
2) Give
a critical appreciation of the poem “Unknown Citizen”.
Ans: W. H. Auden, an English author, wrote this poem
while living in the United States. “The Unknown Citizen” is a satirical
poem based on the very serious military Unknown Soldier which is a
tribute to those soldiers who died fighting for their country could not be
identified. The title establishes the subject of the poem but
is never mentioned again. The poem is supposedly written on a statue somewhere
built by the state. The poem is intended to show a humorous approach to the
modern world of 1938 which takes itself too seriously. Narration The
point of view is third person with the narrator including himself in the poem
by using some first person pronouns: our Eugenist; our teachers. The speaker is
someone who works for a fictional government who makes decisions that impact
lives that he has never or will never meet. The poem uses few literary
devices other than it is a parody for the pretense of celebrating a
life of a man that does not exist. It does rhyme with the rhyme
scheme varying throughout the poem. The only metaphor that
is obvious is the unknown citizen compared to a saint. Called a
modern saint, it is apparent that this is a facetious statement since he
appears to be just an ordinary man. Ironically like the Big Brother concept,
the poem predicts or even warns about the future that could have many
organizations that watch over and check on citizens. The unknown citizen
is declared a saint because of his behavior and lack of breaking the rules.
Part of the poem’s irony comes from the list of accomplishments of
the citizen which are not really achievements at all. They are an
ordinary life. The statue that supposedly built really celebrates
the ordinary man who does not want to cause any problems and follows the
accepted pattern for a man's life. The poet really does not
want man to be like the unknown citizen but more independent and creative.
3) What are the views of the
narrator on the bureaucracy and welfare state?
Ans: The Unknown Citizen is a poem that Auden wrote at a
turning point in his life, when he left England for the USA and left behind the
idea that his poetry could make anything happen in the world. The year was
1939, Hitler had plunged Europe into darkness and the young Auden was
horrified. But he had already done his bit for the cause, having married Erika
Mann, the daughter of famous writer Thomas Mann, to help save her from the
brutality of the Nazis. His move to America helped broaden his artistic output.
He began to concentrate on religion and relationships in his poetry, as opposed
to left-wing politics, and he also ventured into writing drama and libretti.
Auden was a gifted craftsman as a poet, writing long, technically astute poems
but he also embraced the move towards free verse, combining both modern and
traditional elements. The human condition was his main focus, but he did say
that: The Unknown Citizen is both satirical and disturbing, written
by Auden to highlight the role of the individual and the increasingly faceless
bureaucracy that can arise in any country, with any type of government, be it
left-wing or right-wing. The tone of the poem is impersonal and
clinical, the speaker more than likely a suited bureaucrat expressing the
detached view of the state. The unknown citizen is reduced to a mere number, a
series of letters; there is no name, no birthplace or mention of loved ones. It
is clear from the first five lines that the state is in total control and has
planned and structured this individual's life in order to create a complete
conformist, someone who has a clean identity, who serves the greater good.
The state even calls him a 'saint', because he kept to the
straight and narrow and was a good role model, not because he was holy or
carried out religious acts. He maintained the standards expected of him by
those in power. He worked hard, was part of the union but never strayed or
broke the rules. Only the war interrupted his working life which made him a
popular member of the workforce. There is mention of the Social Psychology
department, part of the state who no doubt investigated his background when he
died, and found all was normal according to his mates. He bought a newspaper
each day, that is, he read the propaganda dished out by the bias press, and had
no adverse reaction to the advertisements in that paper. There is some sound
corporate brain-washing going on here and this citizen has one of the cleanest
in the Greater Community. He's not a critical thinker but a solid type of guy
who you would want living next door. He keeps up with his household goods, he
adheres to all societal rules. This man is averages Joe, a perfect citizen who
is conditioned to routine and will never question the settled life, unless the
state calls on him for purposes of war. This citizen is treated like a little
boy himself, patted on the head for being a good if unquestioning person. But
note that the speaker mentions the Eugenist - a person who investigates
eugenics, the genetic makeup of this man's family - and coldly says that his 5
children was the 'right number' for his generation.
4)
Explain the irony presented in the poem “Unknown Citizen”.
Ans: “The Unknown
Citizen,” a poem written by W.H. Auden, alludes to a time of great change in
American history, where the poem is meant to mock the government’s viewpoint of
the perfect role model for an unrealistic, impractical citizen. The author,
W.H. Auden, writes and intends for the historical context of his poem to be in
the late 1930’s, when America was going through the Great Depression. Citizens
were losing a sense of nationalism for America and had begun to negatively view
the government. During this time period, the government had also begun to
distribute Social Security cards with personalized federal numbers to American
citizens, which was the mark of depersonalization in America’s political
system. As a result, the tone is one of mockery, satire, and most importantly,
irony. The ironic outlook is evident in some of the following aspects of the
poem: the speaker, the portrayal of the speaker, the audience, the speaker’s
situation, incongruity between the character’s words and the situation, use of
diction, use of humor, and unique characteristics of the poem. The author’s
poem is told from the viewpoint of a member of the State, or American
government; however, the author and speaker are different people in this
particular poem. Textual evidence for the speaker of the poem is evident in the
parenthetical title of the poem: “This Marble Monument is erected by the
State.” In this case, the “State” is the American government, as the speaker is
a member of the State. The State closely monitors an American citizen who
serves as a perfect role model for his fellow citizens in the view of the
government. Thus, "The Unknown Citizen" reveals irony. The poem is a
bitter satire against forms of government that only want their citizens to
conform to the governments' norms. The State recognizes the unknown citizen for
his abiding by the government's and carefully examines and records all aspects
of his life.
BBS II, Business Communication "The Parrot in the Cage"
Poem "The Parrot in the Cage"
Summary and Analysis.
Click here
https://drive.google.com/file/d/11AWDTkOVRezADhrDPKLKB7rA_QqV1C_V/view?usp=sharing
BBS II, Business Communication "Shooting an Elephant."
Shooting an Elephant
Summary and Analysis
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1l8xBWCp4hDb1XBp4lTEzOBznii3OqI1l/view?usp=sharing
BBS II, Business Communication "Looking for a Rain God."
"Looking for a Rain God"Summary and Analysis.
LOOKING
FOR A RAIN GOD, SUMMARY
“Looking for a Rain
God” is part of a larger collection of stories, The Collector of
Treasures, and Other Botswana Village Tales (1977), an account of the
history and people of Serowe, a large village in southern Africa. It is told in
the third person by a member of the village. The main action takes place on the
lands surrounding the village, where a family resorts to ritual murder to
ensure rainfall for their crops.
The story begins in the
lonely yet tranquil lands outside the village of Serowe, where people journey
to grow crops each year. The Edenic setting suggests mythic lushness and
abundance. In 1958, however, a seven-year drought begins, and the once-idyllic
land grows dry and barren. Initially, the people respond with humor, but during
the seventh year, after two years of starvation, many succumb to despair. Some
of the men hang themselves. The only people who prosper are those “charlatans,
incanters, and witch-doctors” who make their fortunes off of others’ misery and
desperation.
The seventh year brings
an early meager rain that promises an end to the drought, and the season for
plowing and preparing the land to grow crops is officially announced at
the kglota, or village center. In earnest anticipation, the family
of the old man, Mokgobja, which includes a father, mother, unmarried sister,
and two small girls, journey to the lands outside the village and clear the
field of thornbush, create hedges around it, dig their well, and plow the field
with oxen.
The earth comes alive
and sings with insects. Without warning, the rain clouds depart, leaving the
sun to soak up the last bits of moisture in the air. The earth dries, and the
only remaining goat stops giving milk; the family waits in despair, unable to
plant the seeds that will nourish them. Only the two small girls, Neo and
Boseyong, are content as they play together with dolls, imitating their
mother’s chastisements and hitting their dolls as she might them.
Mindful only of their
plight, the adults take no notice of the girls’ activities. At their breaking
point, Tiro, the girls’ mother, and Nesta, the unmarried sister, commence a
nightly wailing that begins as a “low, mournful note” and ends as a “frenzy,” while
stamping their feet and shouting. As a result, the men find it impossible to
maintain their own equilibrium. The old man, Mokgobja, remembers an ancient
tribal ritual, buried beneath years of Christian training, of sacrificing
children to a rain god to ensure that crops will grow, and he consults Ramadi,
the father of the girls, about it. Gradually, Mokgobja becomes more and more
convinced of the authenticity of his recollection, and the idea is communicated
to the women, then executed by the men.
Soon the bodies of the two small girls are spread on the fields. The act, however, is ineffective in bringing about rain, instead bringing terror to the remaining family members, who flee back to the village. The villagers notice the two girls are gone and ask the family questions, which they fail to answer satisfactorily. The police are brought in, and when asked to show the girls’ graves, the mother confesses and tells what has happened. Mokgobja and Ramadi are sentenced to death for ritual murder, even though their actions are well understood by the villagers, who might have done the same in their place.
BBS II, English, "Dover Beach", Summary and Analysis.
Dover
Beach
–
Matthew Arnold
Summary & Analysis
This is a poem about a sea and a beach that is truly
beautiful but holds much deeper meaning than what meets the eye. The poem is
written in free verse with no particular meter or rhyme scheme, although some
of the words do rhyme. Arnold is speaking to someone he loves. As the poem progresses,
the reader sees why Arnold poses the question stated above and why life seems
to be the way it is. During the first part of the poem, Arnold states, “The Sea
is calm tonight” and in line 7, “Only, from the long line of spray”. In this
way, Arnold is setting the mood or scene so the reader can understand the point
he is trying to portray. In lines 1-6 he is talking about a very peaceful night
on the ever so calm sea, with the moonlight shining so intensely on the land.
Then he states how the moonlight “gleams and is gone” because the “cliffs of
England” are standing at their highest peaks, which are blocking the light of
the moon. Next, the waves come roaring into the picture, as they “drawback and
fling the pebbles” onto the shore and back out to sea again. Arnold also
mentions that the shore brings “the eternal note of sadness in”, maybe
representing the cycles of life and repetition. Arnold then starts describing
the history of Sophocle’s idea of the “Aegean’s turbid ebb and flow”.
The sea is starting to become rougher and all
agitated. Also, the mention of “human misery” implies that life begins and
ends, but it can still be full of happiness, and unfortunately, at the same
time, sadness. “The Sea of Faith once, too, at the full, and round earth’s
shore.” The keyword in that stanza is once because it implies that he (Arnold)
used to look at the sea in a different way than he does now. Throughout the
whole poem, Arnold uses a metaphor to describe his views and opinions. Now he
only hears its “melancholy, long, withdrawing roar.” It seems as though Arnold
is questioning his own faith. The whole poem is based on a metaphor – Sea to
Faith. When the sea retreats, so does faith, and leaves us with nothing. In the
last nine lines, Arnold wants his love and himself to be true to one another.
The land, which he thought was so beautiful and new, is actually nothing –
“neither joy, nor love, nor light”. In reality, Arnold is expressing that
nothing is certain, because where there is light there is dark and where there
is happiness there is sadness. “We are here though as on
a darling plain, swept with confused alarms of struggle and flight,
where ignorant armies clash at night”. Arnold uses much alliteration in the
poem. For example, in line 31, “To lie before us like a land of dreams”,
repeating the letter L at the beginning of three words. Also, in line 4,
“Gleams and is gone…”, repeating the letter G. The usage of assonance and
consonance is not widespread in “Dover Beach”. In line 3 – “…on the French
coast the light” – the repetition of the letter T is shown, as an example of
consonance. Other literary techniques, such as onomatopoeia and hyperbole, are
not used in the poem, besides the metaphor for “Faith” being the Sea.
The diction Arnold uses creates a sense of
peacefulness and calmness. It is fairly easily understood vocabulary, except
for a few words, such as cadence and darkling. From reading Matthew Arnold’s
“Dover Beach”, one realizes that there is no certainty in life. When everything
is going perfectly, something unfortunate may happen at any given time, with no
forewarning.
BBS II Year English, Unit: 1 "New Nepal"
Poem "New Nepal" by Siddhicharan Shrestha
Summary and analysis of the poem New Nepal by Siddhicharan Shrestha. The poem is based on the curriculum of BBS II Year, Business Communication.
Find the poem:
BBS II, Business Communication Chapter 2 "Introdiction to Business Communcation"
This material is useful for all the people and learners interested in Business Communication. Moreover, it is based on the curriculum at, BBS Second Year, Business Communication, Tribhuvan University.
Please click here to get the materials:
Unit: 1 "The Communication Process"
"The Communication Process" focuses on the basic knowledge of communication and its process. The material is based on BBS II, Business Communication.
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BBS II, English (Visions): Unit: 6- An Essay in Aesthetics by Roger Fry (1866 - 1934)
Summary and Analysis: An Essay in Aesthetics.
An
Essay in Aesthetics
-Roger Fry
The author Roger Fry, in this essay, has expressed his
feelings for art. According to him, art is an expression of a human's imaginative
life, and it is separated from actual life. Art is free from our daily
necessities. It doesn’t fulfill our daily needs but provides pleasures. We feel
sensations (संवेदना, अनुभूति) in
art. An artist expresses his/her imagination in art. Art brings out the
imagination of the artist that matches with spectators' (दर्शकहरुको) feelings,
therefore, art evokes feelings and emotions in their minds.
Graphic art (visual art) is an expression of the
imaginative life. It is not a copy of actual life, separated from actual
life. He uses the example of children, who never copy what they see but
use their own imagination to freely draw. In Actual life, there is responsive
action. In art we have no such responsive action for example if we see a wild
bull, we feel afraid and run away but in imagination, we can stare at it and
observe for as long as we can.
To the pure moralist, art must represent ethical values
and right action, otherwise, it is useless. The Puritanical view is the life of
the imagination is worse than the life of sensual pleasure. The essayist does not
agree with them. He is close to Ruskin, a moralist, (John Ruskin, English
writer and philosopher) to whom imaginative life helps to promote morality and
it is an absolute necessity.
Roger now speaks of religion. Religion is also a
representation of imaginative life. A religiously intelligent person cannot say
that religion can impart complete moral knowledge. In fact, religious
experiences are said to be based on human nature and spiritual ability.
He thinks that pleasures derived from art are different
and more fundamental than merely sensual pleasure. It is not temporary and
material. The feelings of an imaginative life that an artist has shown in
his/her art, are the same feelings, emotions, and attachments spectators or viewers
find when they observe it. Graphic art represents more or less
mankind’s feelings and emotions. He says that we can justify actual life by its
relation to the imaginative and justify nature by its likeness(similarity) to
art.
People have different imaginations at different times they do not always match up with the general level of morality of actual life. Thus, in the thirteenth century, we read of barbarity and cruelty. He admits that today humans’ moral level and general humanity are higher, but the level of imaginative life is lower.
At last, he says that imaginations that are in our
control are desirable but imaginative life that we see in dreams and under the
influence of drugs are undesirable. This desirability separates imaginative
life from actual life. Art is the chief organ of the imaginative life. Art
encourages and controls it. The imaginative life is distinguished by the clearness of its perception, and the greater purity and freedom of its
emotion.
Aesthetics
- the philosophical study of beauty and taste.
Moralist - a person
who teaches or promotes morality. (नैतिकतावादी)
Puritanical - people
who are very strict in moral or religious matters.
BBS II, English. "The Lunatic" by Laxmi Prasad Devkota: Summary and Critical Analysis.
The Lunatic
-Laxmi Prasad Devkota
Summary
and Critical Analysis
In this autobiographical poem "The
Lunatic", Devkota wears the persona of a lunatic as if it were a mask.
Each stanza brings out a different aspect of the speaker’s character,
confidence, abnormality, imagination, sensitivity, rebellion, aggression, anger, and awful majesty.
Above all, this poem is at once a very
modern expression of the deepest personal feelings of the poet and a surgical
exposure to the hollowness of the so-called intellectual aspirants of the time.
The persona in the second stanza shows abnormal behavior. He does what a normal
person can’t do. For example, he can see sound, hear sight, and taste the
sweet smell. He can touch those things, the existence of which the people in
the world deny. He is so imaginative that he can see a flower on the stone and
the enchantress of heaven smiling at him. He understands the language of
the birds and talks to them.
The third stanza shows how sensitive and
tender-hearted he is. He contrasts his situation with the addresses. The
addressee is the one who uses his brains and senses to find out the harsh
reality. But the speaker uses his sixth sense and finds out what the heart
thinks to be correct. Dreams and imagination are meaningful to him.
The fourth stanza tells how the speaker’s
hypersensitivity led people to have a wrong impression of him. When he watched
the mystery of heaven on a cold winter night, when he was sad at the death of
people and the old age of a fair lady, people called him mad. When he would be
happy hearing the cuckoo’s song and uncomfortable by the dead silence, they
would think that he had gone mad. They would punish him saying that he should
be admitted to a mental hospital. Even his friends would not regard him as a normal
person.
In the fifth stanza, the persona has
upset the accepted values. He does not appreciate those things which the world
praises highly. What the aristocrats drink is the blood of the poor people. Due
to a lack of affection, prostitutes are no better than dead bodies. Because of
high ambition, the king and the emperor are no better than the poor. The common
men are far better than the highly learned me. The best place in the world is
the worst place for the speaker. So the world calls him mentally deranged. In
the sixth stanza, the speaker revolts against the society which is being led by
blind leaders. He thinks that penance has run away from society and they
hate humanity. He rather sympathizes with the weak people.
Finally, the speaker behaves like a
rebel. He criticizes the flatterers because they have deprived people of their
rights and they have underlined the false actions. The poor people accept their
falsity as good action, and then the speaker gets angry because he thinks
these man-haters must be punished. The persona in this poem attacks all the
ugliness and wants to bring a complete change in society.
The poet has used the contrast between
the world of the sane man and that of the lunatic. The lunatic perceives what
the sane man can’t. For example, the mad man visualizes sound, hears the
visible, and tastes fragrance, but the normal man hears sound, visualizes the
visible, smells the fragrance, and tastes the delicious food. The lunatic can touch
the thing which an ordinary person can’t likewise; he can see a flower in the
stone and can talk with the bird. He feels that a heavenly beauty is smiling at
him. Similarly, the madman uses his sixth sense whereas the normal person uses
only five senses. The worldly people use brains, but he uses heart. By using
the contrast the poet brings out the irony of the poem. The poet wants to say
that the worldly people are cold and cruel and they look at the world from
their own convention. Although insane, the speaker is sympathetic and his
hearing melts when he sees pathetic sights.
The phrase “the iconoclast of ugliness”
in the poem refers to the world led by blind people. The shameless leaders
are breaking the backbones of human rights. They are persuading people to
accept what is unacceptable. They don’t treat human beings as man. They are
cruel and inhuman. The speaker in the poem can’t tolerate this kind of
ugliness. So he wants to break it. He wants to upset the conventional values
that have helped the dictators exploit the common people. In this sense, the
speaker is the iconoclast of ugliness.
A persona is an invented person in this
poem. He or she may not be the author himself or herself. To express the inner
feelings or emotions of that persona, the poet has taken the persona of a
lunatic in this poem. This poem has an autobiographical element. Observing the
unusual behavior of the poet many people in the society called him a madman.
This poem is a response to the people’s comments.
The lunatic persona thinks that people
cram their brains with worldly facts and figures and claim themselves to be
knowledgeable people. They value materialistic things such as wine, prostitutes, and power, but they never appreciate the humanity shining brightly in every
insignificant heart. They value the transitory things and disregard the really
valuable things. That is why they are bigger fools. The stupidity makes the
speaker arrogant.
BBS II, English "The Hundredth Dove" Summary and Analysis:
The Hundredth Dove
-Jane Yolen (1939)
About the writer and story:
The
hundredth dove is a story written by Jane Yolen who was born in 1939. She is
the author or the editor of more than 350 books. She writes stories based
on fantasy, science, fiction, and children's books. In the story 'The Hundredth Dove' Jane describes the misuse of power by the people.
The main idea of the story The Hundredth Dove:
This is a folktale that describes the conflict between
heart and mind, feelings or thoughts. Sometimes, we follow the mind, but at times, the heart becomes dominating. When we only follow our heads, we might have to face a
great physical and emotional crisis. So, we need to have a good balance between
heart and mind. Here, a fowler/hunter gets a choice to follow his head or heart
in which he follows his head, but later, he has to regret it. He uses his power to
kill a dove following the king's command which becomes regretful for him at
last.
Summary of the story 'The Hundredth Dove'
Once there was a fowler (bird hunter) named Hugh, who
lived in the forest and supplied the game birds to the high king of England. He
hunted the birds using his bows and arrows, but most of the time, he used his
silken net to catch the birds uninjured. He would choose the plumpest of the
doves for the high king's table and set others free.
One day, he was called into the King's palace and the king
said that he was going to be married within a week with a beautiful lady who
was sitting beside him. She was neat as a white bird, slim and fair with black
eyes. There was a quiet in her, but a restlessness too. The Fowler had never
seen such a beautiful woman in his life. Her name was Lady Columba which means
'dove', and her beauty was celebrated all around the world. The king told the
fowler to serve one hundred birds at his wedding. The lady did not like the
idea. But the king said that it was his command and the fowler said it was his
motto to serve him.
The fowler went back to his cottage and repaired his
silken net to catch the birds. He went to the forest clearing, spread the grains,
and set his net. But when he was catching them, the last one, a white dove
slipped through the silken net and flew away into the air. He took twenty
gray-blue doves and put them in the wooden cage.
Even
the next day, he did the same, caught twenty doves and one white dove slipped
away. He was surprised how the white dove slipped away every time. He was
determined to catch it. As he had promised to the king, he set his nets for the
five days and the last time, he had only nineteen doves which altogether became
only ninety-nine. He again went to set his net on the sixth day, waited
patiently, and finally he got the white dove. Though the dove tried to escape,
he caught it this time. The white dove looked at him in his eyes and spoke to
him in a woman's voice, 'Master Fowler set me free then, gold and silver
I'll give thee'.
But the fowler was not tempted, his duty was to serve the
king. Then she told him he would get fame and fortune but still he was not
tempted. Then the white dove again told him to set free and he would get the
beautiful queen as his own love. The dove had a golden ring on its leg. As he
was looking at the dove, Lady Columba herself appeared in front of him in his
vision, so neat, so slim and fair. He was very emotional. His heart and head
shook. The dove was looking at his eyes, but he closed his eyes, cried out
loudly, 'Servo' and twisted the bird's neck.
The next day, he went to the King's palace with a hundred
doves – ninety-nine alive and the hundredth or the last one dead. But unfortunately,
the wedding never took place there. The lady disappeared and the king could not
marry her.
Feeling great regret, the fowler tore up his tunic with
the motto 'servo' and he gave up hunting forever. He only gave grains to the
birds. Different types of other birds came to eat his grains, but the white
dove never appeared to him.